In 1837-1841, Lermontov, who was exiled to the Caucasus, visited Stavropol several times. In 1843-1847, the famous Russian medical doctor N.I.Pirogov worked in the military hospital in Stavropol, the first one in the Caucasus. In 1845, the first in the Caucasus Russian theater was opened. In 1852, the town received the first public library. In the early 20th century, there were 27 Orthodox parishes, a synagogue, a Lutheran church, and a mosque in Stavropol.